How are different steroid esters absorbed?

[Ipaskakal]

So the other day, I had one of those 3 AM thoughts that don't let you fall asleep…

We all know the rough half-lives of different steroid esters:

• Acetate – ~1 day
• Propionate – ~2 days
• Enanthate – ~5 days
• Decanoate – ~10 days
• Undecylenate – ~14 days

Now, when we get raw steroid powder, the ester is basically an additional carbon chain attached to the steroid molecule.
Once it’s in a vial, though, acetate, decanoate, and the rest are dissolved in mostly the same type of oil, with a bit of preservative added for sterility.

But here’s what I’m curious about:

With longer esters some of you may have noticed that if you inject a large volume (e.g., 5ml at once), you can feel the volume in the muscle for a few days until it fully dissipates.
Does that mean the oil just sits there In the ass and slowly leaking into the bloodstream? That seems kinda weird.
Or is it actually absorbed just as quickly as acetate, but remains in circulation longer due to the ester?

Meanwhile, with short esters like acetate or propionate, no matter how much you pin, the injection site feels normal within a day or two - even with the same 5ml volume.

Now, I’m curious how this works when mixing multiple compounds in the same injection. Let’s say I have:

• 1ml of Rapid Cut 350mg/ml mix from PSL guys (Tren Ace 75mg, Drost Prop 75mg, Test Prop 75mg, Test Cyp 125mg)
• 1ml of Boldenone Undecylenate (200mg/ml)
• And I hit this mix 3 times per week

How does my body process these different esters when injected together?
Do the short esters get absorbed right away while the longer ones chill in the muscle for later?
Or does everything absorb at the same rate, with only the ester affecting how long it stays active?

If second, and if all the oil gets absorbed at the same rate, regardless of ester,
how long does it actually take for 5ml of oil to fully dissipate within the muscle after injection?
Does it happen within hours? A day? Two days?

And that 5ml lump from long esters that we feel even after few days of injection is an inflammatory response rather than unabsorbed oil?
And that inflammatory response is stronger for longer-esters?

Hmmm… what are your thoughts on this?

 

[Vision]

These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. By Vision

Please read on and I'll explain to you, not a lot of people are aware of this and I don't talk about it much because no one seems to care..

Esters Active Half-Life Table
explanation..
"singular ester" hormone treatment is NOT designed as a one size fits all therapy...
Just an FYI: There's two main types of enzymes that act in the cleaving process of the ester in which activate the hormone...
These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. These come along and cleave pieces of the ester off the hormone,
thereby releasing the active chemical (parenting steroid hormone) and allowing it to do its job (ultimately muscle building/tissue via protein synthesis, positive nitrogen balance and so on )...
Now in the bloodstream which testosterone and blood born nutrients and substances circulate is recognized as the "medium".
These enzymes circulate in the medium and directly affect the release of "active" hormone in the bloodstream by ester cleavage, thus exerting different expression per individuals, trigger a chute of cellular interaction at receptor sites that will differ from one to the next..

Esters are like the spice of the chemical world - they come in all shapes and sizes, giving compounds their own unique flair. But when it comes to figuring out how long these compounds stick around in our bodies, things can get a little murky.

You see, there's a lot of conflicting information out there about the half-life of different compounds. Some sources don't even bother to cite their sources! It's like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded.

I here to shed some light on the subject. When it comes to esters, I'm only interested in the terminal half-life - that's the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its activity. Think of it as the chemical equivalent of hitting the snooze button.

So, if you're curious about how long your favorite compound will be hanging around, look no further. We've got all the juicy details on terminal half-life right here. Let's dive in and unravel the mysteries of esters together!

Vital Reminder:

These half-lives are estimates and may vary slightly based on injection site, carrier oil, and other factors. Unfortunately, there haven't been many pharmacokinetic studies done on the majority of AAS. So, most of what we know about half-lives is just theoretical mumbo jumbo until we get some real data.

Esters and the Active Dose

Let's talk about the fancy stuff - esters!

When you inject an anabolic steroid, the ester attached to it actually makes up a percentage of the total molecular weight of the molecule. So, if you think you're getting 100mg of pure Testosterone Enanthate, think again. You're actually getting less Testosterone than you bargained for because of that sneaky ester. Once the ester is removed by the esterase enzyme, the amount of pure un-esterified Testosterone left over varies depending on the ester that was previously attached.

Long chain esters like Cypionate, Decanoate, and Enanthate are heavy hitters when it comes to molecular weight. This means that on a mg for mg basis, you're getting more steroid in a short estered compound than in a long estered one. For example, there's more Testosterone in 100mg of Testosterone Propionate than in 100mg of Testosterone Enanthate. Why? Because the Propionate ester is lighter than the Enanthate ester. It's like comparing a feather to a brick!

So, next time you're deciding which ester variant to use during a cycle, remember to factor in the weight of those esters. It's a small detail that can make a big difference in your gains.

The half-life of various esters in anabolic steroids determines how long they remain active in the body. The terminal half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of the ester to decrease by half.

Here is a breakdown of the half-life and terminal half-life of different esters commonly found in anabolic steroids:

- Acetate: Half-life of 3 days, terminal half-life of 1 day

- Propionate: Half-life of 2 days, terminal half-life of 0.8 days

- Phenylpropionate: Half-life of 4.5 days, terminal half-life of 1.5 days

- Butyrate: Half-life of 2-3 days

- Valerate: Half-life of 3 days

- Hexanoate: Half-life of 3 days

- Caproate: Half-life of 4-5 days

- Isocaproate: Half-life of 9 days, terminal half-life of 4 days

- Heptanoate: Half-life of 5-6 days

- Enanthate: Half-life of 10.5 days, terminal half-life of 4.5 days

- Cypionate: Half-life of 6-7 days, terminal half-life of 5 days

- Octanoate: Half-life of 6-7 days

- Nonanoate: Half-life of 7 days

- Decanoate: Half-life of 15 days, terminal half-life of 7.5 days

- Undecylenate: Half-life of 8-9 days, terminal half-life of 14 days

- Undecanoate: Half-life of 16.5 days, terminal half-life of 20.9 days

The following table displays the percentages of the actual hormones for each ester:

Ester % Of The Actual Hormone

Acetate 87%

Propionate 80%

Phenylpropionate 66-67%

Isocaproate 72%

Enanthate 70%

Cypionate 69%

Decanoate 62%

Undecylenate 61%

Undecanoate 61%

These percentages represent the concentration of the hormone within each ester. It is important to consider these values when selecting the appropriate ester for a specific application.

Understanding the half-life and terminal half-life of these esters is crucial for determining the dosing frequency and timing of anabolic steroid cycles.

Vision
PSL

 

[Machforce1]

These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. By Vision

Please read on and I'll explain to you, not a lot of people are aware of this and I don't talk about it much because no one seems to care..

Esters Active Half-Life Table
explanation..
"singular ester" hormone treatment is NOT designed as a one size fits all therapy...
Just an FYI: There's two main types of enzymes that act in the cleaving process of the ester in which activate the hormone...
These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. These come along and cleave pieces of the ester off the hormone,
thereby releasing the active chemical (parenting steroid hormone) and allowing it to do its job (ultimately muscle building/tissue via protein synthesis, positive nitrogen balance and so on )...
Now in the bloodstream which testosterone and blood born nutrients and substances circulate is recognized as the "medium".
These enzymes circulate in the medium and directly affect the release of "active" hormone in the bloodstream by ester cleavage, thus exerting different expression per individuals, trigger a chute of cellular interaction at receptor sites that will differ from one to the next..

Esters are like the spice of the chemical world - they come in all shapes and sizes, giving compounds their own unique flair. But when it comes to figuring out how long these compounds stick around in our bodies, things can get a little murky.

You see, there's a lot of conflicting information out there about the half-life of different compounds. Some sources don't even bother to cite their sources! It's like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded.

I here to shed some light on the subject. When it comes to esters, I'm only interested in the terminal half-life - that's the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its activity. Think of it as the chemical equivalent of hitting the snooze button.

So, if you're curious about how long your favorite compound will be hanging around, look no further. We've got all the juicy details on terminal half-life right here. Let's dive in and unravel the mysteries of esters together!

Vital Reminder:

These half-lives are estimates and may vary slightly based on injection site, carrier oil, and other factors. Unfortunately, there haven't been many pharmacokinetic studies done on the majority of AAS. So, most of what we know about half-lives is just theoretical mumbo jumbo until we get some real data.

Esters and the Active Dose

Let's talk about the fancy stuff - esters!

When you inject an anabolic steroid, the ester attached to it actually makes up a percentage of the total molecular weight of the molecule. So, if you think you're getting 100mg of pure Testosterone Enanthate, think again. You're actually getting less Testosterone than you bargained for because of that sneaky ester. Once the ester is removed by the esterase enzyme, the amount of pure un-esterified Testosterone left over varies depending on the ester that was previously attached.

Long chain esters like Cypionate, Decanoate, and Enanthate are heavy hitters when it comes to molecular weight. This means that on a mg for mg basis, you're getting more steroid in a short estered compound than in a long estered one. For example, there's more Testosterone in 100mg of Testosterone Propionate than in 100mg of Testosterone Enanthate. Why? Because the Propionate ester is lighter than the Enanthate ester. It's like comparing a feather to a brick!

So, next time you're deciding which ester variant to use during a cycle, remember to factor in the weight of those esters. It's a small detail that can make a big difference in your gains.

The half-life of various esters in anabolic steroids determines how long they remain active in the body. The terminal half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of the ester to decrease by half.

Here is a breakdown of the half-life and terminal half-life of different esters commonly found in anabolic steroids:

- Acetate: Half-life of 3 days, terminal half-life of 1 day

- Propionate: Half-life of 2 days, terminal half-life of 0.8 days

- Phenylpropionate: Half-life of 4.5 days, terminal half-life of 1.5 days

- Butyrate: Half-life of 2-3 days

- Valerate: Half-life of 3 days

- Hexanoate: Half-life of 3 days

- Caproate: Half-life of 4-5 days

- Isocaproate: Half-life of 9 days, terminal half-life of 4 days

- Heptanoate: Half-life of 5-6 days

- Enanthate: Half-life of 10.5 days, terminal half-life of 4.5 days

- Cypionate: Half-life of 6-7 days, terminal half-life of 5 days

- Octanoate: Half-life of 6-7 days

- Nonanoate: Half-life of 7 days

- Decanoate: Half-life of 15 days, terminal half-life of 7.5 days

- Undecylenate: Half-life of 8-9 days, terminal half-life of 14 days

- Undecanoate: Half-life of 16.5 days, terminal half-life of 20.9 days

The following table displays the percentages of the actual hormones for each ester:

Ester % Of The Actual Hormone

Acetate 87%

Propionate 80%

Phenylpropionate 66-67%

Isocaproate 72%

Enanthate 70%

Cypionate 69%

Decanoate 62%

Undecylenate 61%

Undecanoate 61%

These percentages represent the concentration of the hormone within each ester. It is important to consider these values when selecting the appropriate ester for a specific application.

Understanding the half-life and terminal half-life of these esters is crucial for determining the dosing frequency and timing of anabolic steroid cycles.

Vision
PSL

This is pretty cool! Thanks for taking the time to post it.

 

[tommygunz]

Cliff notes lol.

The ester is not absorbed, the test is. The ester simply times its release for absorption.

 

[Stiches1965]

These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. By Vision

Please read on and I'll explain to you, not a lot of people are aware of this and I don't talk about it much because no one seems to care..

Esters Active Half-Life Table
explanation..
"singular ester" hormone treatment is NOT designed as a one size fits all therapy...
Just an FYI: There's two main types of enzymes that act in the cleaving process of the ester in which activate the hormone...
These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. These come along and cleave pieces of the ester off the hormone,
thereby releasing the active chemical (parenting steroid hormone) and allowing it to do its job (ultimately muscle building/tissue via protein synthesis, positive nitrogen balance and so on )...
Now in the bloodstream which testosterone and blood born nutrients and substances circulate is recognized as the "medium".
These enzymes circulate in the medium and directly affect the release of "active" hormone in the bloodstream by ester cleavage, thus exerting different expression per individuals, trigger a chute of cellular interaction at receptor sites that will differ from one to the next..

Esters are like the spice of the chemical world - they come in all shapes and sizes, giving compounds their own unique flair. But when it comes to figuring out how long these compounds stick around in our bodies, things can get a little murky.

You see, there's a lot of conflicting information out there about the half-life of different compounds. Some sources don't even bother to cite their sources! It's like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded.

I here to shed some light on the subject. When it comes to esters, I'm only interested in the terminal half-life - that's the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its activity. Think of it as the chemical equivalent of hitting the snooze button.

So, if you're curious about how long your favorite compound will be hanging around, look no further. We've got all the juicy details on terminal half-life right here. Let's dive in and unravel the mysteries of esters together!

Vital Reminder:

These half-lives are estimates and may vary slightly based on injection site, carrier oil, and other factors. Unfortunately, there haven't been many pharmacokinetic studies done on the majority of AAS. So, most of what we know about half-lives is just theoretical mumbo jumbo until we get some real data.

Esters and the Active Dose

Let's talk about the fancy stuff - esters!

When you inject an anabolic steroid, the ester attached to it actually makes up a percentage of the total molecular weight of the molecule. So, if you think you're getting 100mg of pure Testosterone Enanthate, think again. You're actually getting less Testosterone than you bargained for because of that sneaky ester. Once the ester is removed by the esterase enzyme, the amount of pure un-esterified Testosterone left over varies depending on the ester that was previously attached.

Long chain esters like Cypionate, Decanoate, and Enanthate are heavy hitters when it comes to molecular weight. This means that on a mg for mg basis, you're getting more steroid in a short estered compound than in a long estered one. For example, there's more Testosterone in 100mg of Testosterone Propionate than in 100mg of Testosterone Enanthate. Why? Because the Propionate ester is lighter than the Enanthate ester. It's like comparing a feather to a brick!

So, next time you're deciding which ester variant to use during a cycle, remember to factor in the weight of those esters. It's a small detail that can make a big difference in your gains.

The half-life of various esters in anabolic steroids determines how long they remain active in the body. The terminal half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of the ester to decrease by half.

Here is a breakdown of the half-life and terminal half-life of different esters commonly found in anabolic steroids:

- Acetate: Half-life of 3 days, terminal half-life of 1 day

- Propionate: Half-life of 2 days, terminal half-life of 0.8 days

- Phenylpropionate: Half-life of 4.5 days, terminal half-life of 1.5 days

- Butyrate: Half-life of 2-3 days

- Valerate: Half-life of 3 days

- Hexanoate: Half-life of 3 days

- Caproate: Half-life of 4-5 days

- Isocaproate: Half-life of 9 days, terminal half-life of 4 days

- Heptanoate: Half-life of 5-6 days

- Enanthate: Half-life of 10.5 days, terminal half-life of 4.5 days

- Cypionate: Half-life of 6-7 days, terminal half-life of 5 days

- Octanoate: Half-life of 6-7 days

- Nonanoate: Half-life of 7 days

- Decanoate: Half-life of 15 days, terminal half-life of 7.5 days

- Undecylenate: Half-life of 8-9 days, terminal half-life of 14 days

- Undecanoate: Half-life of 16.5 days, terminal half-life of 20.9 days

The following table displays the percentages of the actual hormones for each ester:

Ester % Of The Actual Hormone

Acetate 87%

Propionate 80%

Phenylpropionate 66-67%

Isocaproate 72%

Enanthate 70%

Cypionate 69%

Decanoate 62%

Undecylenate 61%

Undecanoate 61%

These percentages represent the concentration of the hormone within each ester. It is important to consider these values when selecting the appropriate ester for a specific application.

Understanding the half-life and terminal half-life of these esters is crucial for determining the dosing frequency and timing of anabolic steroid cycles.

Vision
PSL

I'm so glad I found this forum. I appreciate the wealth of knowledge that I learn from my Brothers on this forum . Compared to all of my Brothers on this forum, I'm like a kid learning how to walk. Thank you Vision.

 

[Vision]

Cliff notes lol.

The ester is not absorbed, the test is. The ester simply times its release for absorption.

The esters are the crucial chains that are intricately attached to testosterone, ensuring that neither is left behind in the pursuit of optimal performance. Yes, it all comes down to the ester.

Imagine a scenario where someone is consulting with a doctor about the protocol for a different testosterone ester. The doctor wouldn't simply repeat the word "testosterone" over and over again. Instead, they would emphasize the importance of the esters, carrier oil, its weight ratio, and half-life. These factors are not just important - they are absolutely vital, perhaps even more so than the hormone itself in that moment.

Doctors and endocrinologists are not just looking for a reaction; they are seeking a precise response before making any adjustments. The significance of esters in this process cannot be overstated. It is this attention to detail that distinguishes one protocol from another, ensuring that each individual receives the tailored treatment they deserve.

There is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to testosterone and its esters. Without these crucial components, the effectiveness of any protocol would be severely compromised. Ester are the unsung heroes in the world of hormone therapy, playing a pivotal role in achieving optimal results.

 

[Ipaskakal]

These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. By Vision

Please read on and I'll explain to you, not a lot of people are aware of this and I don't talk about it much because no one seems to care..

Esters Active Half-Life Table
explanation..
"singular ester" hormone treatment is NOT designed as a one size fits all therapy...
Just an FYI: There's two main types of enzymes that act in the cleaving process of the ester in which activate the hormone...
These 2 particular "Enzymes" are esterases & hydrolysate.. These come along and cleave pieces of the ester off the hormone,
thereby releasing the active chemical (parenting steroid hormone) and allowing it to do its job (ultimately muscle building/tissue via protein synthesis, positive nitrogen balance and so on )...
Now in the bloodstream which testosterone and blood born nutrients and substances circulate is recognized as the "medium".
These enzymes circulate in the medium and directly affect the release of "active" hormone in the bloodstream by ester cleavage, thus exerting different expression per individuals, trigger a chute of cellular interaction at receptor sites that will differ from one to the next..

Esters are like the spice of the chemical world - they come in all shapes and sizes, giving compounds their own unique flair. But when it comes to figuring out how long these compounds stick around in our bodies, things can get a little murky.

You see, there's a lot of conflicting information out there about the half-life of different compounds. Some sources don't even bother to cite their sources! It's like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded.

I here to shed some light on the subject. When it comes to esters, I'm only interested in the terminal half-life - that's the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its activity. Think of it as the chemical equivalent of hitting the snooze button.

So, if you're curious about how long your favorite compound will be hanging around, look no further. We've got all the juicy details on terminal half-life right here. Let's dive in and unravel the mysteries of esters together!

Vital Reminder:

These half-lives are estimates and may vary slightly based on injection site, carrier oil, and other factors. Unfortunately, there haven't been many pharmacokinetic studies done on the majority of AAS. So, most of what we know about half-lives is just theoretical mumbo jumbo until we get some real data.

Esters and the Active Dose

Let's talk about the fancy stuff - esters!

When you inject an anabolic steroid, the ester attached to it actually makes up a percentage of the total molecular weight of the molecule. So, if you think you're getting 100mg of pure Testosterone Enanthate, think again. You're actually getting less Testosterone than you bargained for because of that sneaky ester. Once the ester is removed by the esterase enzyme, the amount of pure un-esterified Testosterone left over varies depending on the ester that was previously attached.

Long chain esters like Cypionate, Decanoate, and Enanthate are heavy hitters when it comes to molecular weight. This means that on a mg for mg basis, you're getting more steroid in a short estered compound than in a long estered one. For example, there's more Testosterone in 100mg of Testosterone Propionate than in 100mg of Testosterone Enanthate. Why? Because the Propionate ester is lighter than the Enanthate ester. It's like comparing a feather to a brick!

So, next time you're deciding which ester variant to use during a cycle, remember to factor in the weight of those esters. It's a small detail that can make a big difference in your gains.

The half-life of various esters in anabolic steroids determines how long they remain active in the body. The terminal half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of the ester to decrease by half.

Here is a breakdown of the half-life and terminal half-life of different esters commonly found in anabolic steroids:

- Acetate: Half-life of 3 days, terminal half-life of 1 day

- Propionate: Half-life of 2 days, terminal half-life of 0.8 days

- Phenylpropionate: Half-life of 4.5 days, terminal half-life of 1.5 days

- Butyrate: Half-life of 2-3 days

- Valerate: Half-life of 3 days

- Hexanoate: Half-life of 3 days

- Caproate: Half-life of 4-5 days

- Isocaproate: Half-life of 9 days, terminal half-life of 4 days

- Heptanoate: Half-life of 5-6 days

- Enanthate: Half-life of 10.5 days, terminal half-life of 4.5 days

- Cypionate: Half-life of 6-7 days, terminal half-life of 5 days

- Octanoate: Half-life of 6-7 days

- Nonanoate: Half-life of 7 days

- Decanoate: Half-life of 15 days, terminal half-life of 7.5 days

- Undecylenate: Half-life of 8-9 days, terminal half-life of 14 days

- Undecanoate: Half-life of 16.5 days, terminal half-life of 20.9 days

The following table displays the percentages of the actual hormones for each ester:

Ester % Of The Actual Hormone

Acetate 87%

Propionate 80%

Phenylpropionate 66-67%

Isocaproate 72%

Enanthate 70%

Cypionate 69%

Decanoate 62%

Undecylenate 61%

Undecanoate 61%

These percentages represent the concentration of the hormone within each ester. It is important to consider these values when selecting the appropriate ester for a specific application.

Understanding the half-life and terminal half-life of these esters is crucial for determining the dosing frequency and timing of anabolic steroid cycles.

Vision
PSL

Mr. Vision, merci for all you valuable content - much appreciated!

 

[BigBack93]

Dose metabolism effect half life? Is there any studies on that?

 

[ruffus]

Enzymes in the body cleave off the ester so the body can use it. Everyone has different amounts of enzymes. Hence the difference in clearance time from on person to another. Plus how fast a hormone is cleared once the ester is removed will change form person to person depending on liver function amount of aromatase enzyme etc.

 

[Sector.]

This is a good read

“After injection, an oil depot forms inside the muscle tissue and spreads along the muscle fibers – seemingly squeezed between them – forming an elongated shape (3). The AAS gradually diffuse out of the oil depot and into the interstitial fluid. The rate at which this occurs strongly depends on the carboxylic acid group that is attached onto the parent molecule at carbon 17 of the steroid nucleus. This attachment – esterification of the 17β-hydroxyl group – greatly retards the release of the compound from the oil depot by increasing its partition coefficient, i.e., making it more lipophilic and less hydrophilic. For example, unmodified testosterone reportedly has a half-life of approximately 10 minutes when injected (4), whereas 17β-OH esterification by a 3-carbon carboxylic acid group (propionate) or 7-carbon carboxylic acid group (enanthate) prolongs its half-life to approximately 1.0 (4) and 4.2 days (5), respectively. The injection site and volume may also affect pharmacokinetics (6). Once the esterified steroid molecule reaches the systemic circulation, either via direct diffusion or lymphatic drainage of the interstitial fluid, esterases cleave off the ester group, releasing the parent compound (7).”

“Once in the systemic circulation, AAS are transported to the tissues bound to binding proteins: albumin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and orosomucoid. Under physiological conditions, testosterone is predominately bound to the first two, leaving only 1% to 4% of circulating testosterone unbound (12). SHBG binds testosterone with high affinity but has a relatively low binding capacity. Conversely, albumin binds testosterone with low affinity but has a virtually limitless binding capacity (13). SHBG is present in the bloodstream as a homodimer, with each monomer having one steroid-binding site (14). Under physiological conditions about one third of the binding sites is occupied by testosterone, with further occupation by several other steroids rendering about 44% of SHBG-binding sites unbound (13). With physiological SHBG levels in the 10–56 nmol/L range, it is clear that supraphysiological dosages of testosterone saturate its binding capacity. Besides, supraphysiological dosages strongly decrease circulating SHBG levels (15). Thus, increasing dosages of testosterone result in a larger fraction of albumin-bound testosterone relative to the SHBG-bound fraction (see Figure 2 ). It is noteworthy that SHBG has very low affinity for other commonly used AAS, such as nandrolone, methenolone, stanozolol, methandienone, fluoxymesterone and oxymetholone (16).”

Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? - PMC

Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview on how ...

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov